1
The book that I borrowed from the library yesterday is very interesting.
翻译
我昨天从图书馆借的那本书很有趣。
重点解析：这是一个典型的定语从句结构，其中that引导的从句修饰先行词book。主句是The book...is very interesting，从句是that I borrowed from the library yesterday。从句中I是主语，borrowed是谓语动词，from the library是介词短语作地点状语，yesterday是时间状语。整个句子使用了过去时来描述发生在过去的借书动作，而主句用现在时表示对书的当前评价。
2
Although it was raining heavily, we decided to go hiking as planned.
翻译
尽管大雨倾盆，我们仍决定按计划去徒步。
重点解析：这是一个让步状语从句结构，although引导的从句表示让步，主句是we decided to go hiking as planned。从句中it是形式主语，was raining是过去进行时，heavily是副词修饰动词短语。although虽然可以省略，但保留时更强调对比。as planned是方式状语，表示按计划的方式进行。
3
The reason why he was late is that his car broke down on the way.
翻译
他迟到的原因是车在路上抛锚了。
重点解析：这是一个表语从句结构，that引导的从句作reason的表语。主句是The reason...is that...，其中why he was late是定语从句修饰reason。从句that his car broke down on the way中his car是主语，broke down是过去时的不及物动词短语，on the way是地点状语。
4
Having finished his homework, he went to play basketball with his friends.
翻译
做完作业后，他和朋友们去打篮球了。
重点解析：这是一个独立主格结构，having finished his homework是分词短语作状语，表示时间。主句是he went to play basketball with his friends。having finished是现在分词的完成式，表示动作在谓语动词之前完成。with his friends是伴随状语，表示一起做某事的人。
5
It is widely believed that education is the key to success.
翻译
人们普遍认为教育是成功的关键。
重点解析：这是一个主语从句结构，that引导的从句作形式主语it的真正主语。主句是It is widely believed that...，其中widely believed是被动语态的谓语。that从句中education是主语，is the key to success是表语从句。to success是介词短语作后置定语修饰key。
6
The more you practice, the better you will become.
翻译
练习越多，进步越大。
重点解析：这是一个比较状语从句结构，the more...the better是固定句型，表示程度对比。more是比较级，修饰practice；better是比较级，修饰become。you will become是一般将来时的谓语，表示未来的状态变化。
7
She is one of the students who have won the national award.
翻译
她是获得全国奖的学生之一。
重点解析：这是一个定语从句结构，who引导的从句修饰先行词students。主句是She is one of the students...，其中one of the students是表语。从句中who是关系代词作主语，have won是现在完成时的谓语，the national award是宾语。
8
If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended it.
翻译
如果我早知道这个会议，我就会参加了。
重点解析：这是一个虚拟语气的条件句，if引导的从句表示与过去事实相反的假设。主句是I would have attended it，would have attended是过去将来完成时，表示与过去事实相反的结果。从句中had known是过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的条件。
9
The project, which was completed last month, has received widespread praise.
翻译
这个上个月完成的项目已经得到了广泛赞誉。
重点解析：这是一个非限制性定语从句结构，which引导的从句作后置定语修饰project。主句是The project...has received widespread praise，其中has received是现在完成时的谓语。which从句中was completed是过去时的被动语态，last month是时间状语。
10
No matter how difficult the task is, we must finish it on time.
翻译
无论任务多难，我们都必须按时完成。
重点解析：这是一个让步状语从句结构，no matter how引导的从句表示让步。主句是we must finish it on time。从句中how difficult the task is是主语从句作no matter how的宾语。must finish是情态动词 + 动词原形结构，on time是时间状语。
11
The teacher asked the students to write an essay on a topic that they were interested in.
翻译
老师让学生们写一篇关于他们感兴趣的主题的文章。
重点解析：这是一个宾语从句结构，that引导的从句作topic的定语。主句是The teacher asked the students to write an essay...，其中asked是过去时的谓语，to write an essay是不定式作宾语补足语。that从句中they were interested in是定语从句修饰topic，were interested in是过去时的谓语，in是介词。
12
By the time we arrived at the station, the train had already left.
翻译
我们到车站时，火车已经开走了。
重点解析：这是一个时间状语从句结构，by the time引导的从句表示时间。主句是the train had already left，had left是过去完成时的谓语，表示在另一个过去动作之前完成的动作。从句中we arrived是一般过去时的谓语，at the station是地点状语。